December 31, 2005

Resources on Universal Design for Homes

Here's a list of guides on building or altering homes to suit the needs of the elderly or disabled

AARP Guide to Understanding Universal Design
Very complete Web site includes room-by-room advice and narrated slideshows of homes employing universal-design principles
http://www.aarp.org/families/home_design


National Association of Home Builders' Directory of Certified Aging-in-Place Specialists
Searchable directory of remodelers and contractors who have been trained to understand the home modifications often needed by the older adult population
http://www.nahb.org/directory.aspx?sectionID=686&directoryID=188

The Center for Universal Design, North Carolina State University
The leading resource for research and information on universal design provides stock floor plans for houses and detailed plans for home modifications
http://www.design.ncsu.edu:8120/cud

Practical Guide to Universal Home Design
Commonsense, illustrated introduction to universal design with checklist of what to consider when buying, building, or remodeling a home
http://www.tcaging.org/downloads/homedesign.pdf

Universal Design Checklist, Kansas State University
Short checklist of universal-design basics for residences, compiled from multiple sources
http://www.ksu.edu/humec/atid/UDF/ud_checklist.htm

Lifease LivAbility Questionnaire and Report
Personalized report ($19.95) offers suggestions as well as links to products tailored to your specific living situation and physical abilities
http://www.lifease.com/lifease-livability.html

Homes for Easy Living: Universal Design Innovations
Complete with resources and examples, this is the Web site of an award-winning consultant specializing in single- and multifamily universally designed housing
http://www.homesforeasyliving.com

Network of Care, Alameda County, Calif.
Searchable database of more than 21,000 assistive tools for the elderly or disabled
http://alameda.networkofcare.org/aging/assistive/index.cfm

Lowe's Home Improvement How-To Library: Universal Design
Room-by-room recommendations for remodeling projects that can help you around the house
http://www.lowes.com/lowes/lkn?action=howTo&p=HTindex/universalDesign_index.html&rn=RightNavFiles/no.html

Posted by rollingrains at 05:47 PM

December 30, 2005

News of the "Other" WTO

TravelWireNews reports that the World Tourism Organization has changed its official acronym from "WTO" to "UNWTO." The change reflects the close relationship the organization has with the United Nations and distinguishes it from the other WTO -- the World Trade Organization.

Posted by rollingrains at 01:41 AM

December 29, 2005

A Flurry of Articles on UD in Homes : Boomers Warp the Economy - Again!

Here are a few articles reflecting the continued spread of Universal Design in the US market for private homes:

Boomers Push Interest in Universal Design Homes
http://www.bankrate.com/brm/news/real-estate/20051124a1.asp
and:
http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/money/249810_real26.html



Universal Design Bath & Shower Systems Showcased In BASF �Better Planet� House

http://www.prweb.com/releases/2005/11/prweb311573.htm




Planning your Home with Universal Design

http://www.bankrate.com/brm/news/real-estate/20051124b1.asp?prodtype=mtg

Posted by rollingrains at 01:52 AM

December 28, 2005

Wayfaring & Community Walks: Introduction to Google Mapping

The Rolling Rains Report will take on a new look in 2006. The changes are not simply cosmetic. New technologies, generically labelled "Web 2.0", are making it easier for small publishers to offer greater depth of features to readers.

Features based on Google Maps provide context to many of the posts at Rolling Rains. Two mapping tools include A href="http://www.wayfaring.com/">Wayfaring and "Community Walk"

Posted by rollingrains at 07:05 PM

December 27, 2005

Access Board Adopts Priorities for 2006 Research and Information Gathering

At its November meeting, the Access Board approved its research agenda for 2006. Every year the Board sponsors or promotes research on various aspects of accessibility. Through its work maintaining accessibility guidelines and standards and its provision of technical assistance, the Board regularly identifies issues or questions that merit further study. A public forum the Board held on its programs and services as a part of a series of ADA anniversary events also identified research priorities.


Several projects focus on issues pertaining to public streets and sidewalks, the subject of new guidelines the Board is developing for public rights-of-way.

Some of these efforts will expand existing projects undertaken by other agencies, such as the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). These include an assessment of available technologies for pedestrian signals at traffic roundabouts, which by their design and continuous traffic flow patterns pose challenges to pedestrians with vision impairments, and the development of guidance on selecting accessible pedestrian signal devices based on the type of intersection and site conditions.

In addition, funds will be budgeted to advance existing research on the relative effectiveness of various wayfinding cues, including returned curb edges, curb ramp orientation, tactile surfaces, and guide strips, for people with vision impairments in outdoor environments. The Board also plans to commission an analysis of standard human factors protocols for measuring the effects of slope and surface on manual wheelchair maneuvering.

Topics proposed by members of the public at the forum last July are also on the Board’s agenda. They include a study of communication access in transportation facilities, including airports and rail stations, and on transit vehicles to gather information for the Board’s use in updating its vehicle guidelines. Another project will build upon a major Board-funded study on indoor air quality completed this summer. Conducted by the National Institute of Building Sciences, this study explored ways to improve indoor environmental quality for people with multiple chemical or electro-magnetic sensitivities through specification of building products, materials, ventilation, and maintenance. Attendees of the Board’s forum strongly endorsed such a follow-on project.

Other projects will cover areas not previously addressed by the Board’s research program, including a review of existing research on lighting. The Board’s facility guidelines do not address lighting levels, and the results of this project will help to develop guidance material on the subject. The Board also seeks to convene an expert panel on the topic of assisted transfer of people with disabilities. Specifications in the Board’s guidelines for toilet and bathrooms are based on independent access and transfer, and questions have arisen about compliance in some types of medical care and assisted living facilities where bathrooms are designed specifically for aided transfer. In addition to these information collection efforts, the Board will explore a pilot program to provide translations of select Board materials in American Sign Language through web-based videos.

The project priorities will be initiated in 2006 to the extent that funding permits. Where possible, the Board seeks to undertake research in partnership with other organizations or to build upon existing projects in order to maximize available opportunities with limited funds. For further information on these projects or other aspects of the Board’s research program, contact Lois Thibault, the Board’s research coordinator, at research@access-board.gov (e-mail), (202) 272-0023 (voice), or (202) 272-0082 (TTY). Information on completed Board research is posted on the Board’s website at http://www.access-board.gov/research.htm.

Posted by rollingrains at 06:56 PM

December 26, 2005

Evangelist for Good Design: Tom Klinkowstein

For the past year and half, Tom Klinkowstein has conducted workshops, called Horizon Projects, with design students in four countries using a methodology adapted from John Anderson, a NASA scientist. The workshops lasted from 1/2 a day in New York, to two days in Istanbul, Turkey, three days In Shanghai, China and five days in Mumbai, India.

Posted by rollingrains at 02:42 PM

December 25, 2005

Vikas Khanna Promotes Accessibility & Hospitality Worldwide

vikas1.jpg

On December 2, 2005 Vikas Khanna received the "Access to Freedom Award" from SATH - the Society for Accessible Transportation & Hospitality.

This is only a small part of what this celebrated executive chef from India has achieved. His accomplishments merit a full length article.

On this holy feast of the birth of Christ I salute a man whose compassion and dedication reflect the highest ideals of any religion and all people of goodwill.

Posted by rollingrains at 05:53 AM

December 24, 2005

Special Issue of DisabilityWorld about International Development

A new issue of the online periodical of news and views,
DisabilityWorld, has just been produced by the World Institute
on Disability in collaboration with other groups active in
developing and resource poor countries. Posted on December 19,
the theme of the special issue is "Disability and Development"
that takes a closer look at policies and projects giving
mainstream assistance to disabled people within broader social
and economic programs.http://www.rollingrains.com/archives/000306.html


Read a review of projects that don't get much mainstrem press but once again prove the wisdom of the Rio Declaration on Universal Design as Sustainable Development.

From the press release:

Often called "Inclusive Development," this approach recognizes
that the estimated 10% of children, youths and adults with
disabilities have been essentially left out of education for
all, poverty reduction programs and other national and
international efforts to reach disadvantaged populations.
Additionally, new studies by the UK9s Department for
International Development and Ireland9s National Disability
Authority strengthen the linkages between disability and
poverty.

The mainstreaming approach includes many facets, ranging from
USAID9s new policy requiring accessible construction in
Afghanistan and Iraq projects, to the establishment of a
Global Partnership on Disability and Development, to growing
support for inclusive education in Asia and Central Europe, to
disabled Nigerians demonstrating for reinstatement of
immunization programs, to efforts to change public attitudes
towards disability in various cultures through advocacy and
mass media.

This special issue features 32 articles and an array of
newsbriefs, resources and announcements of conferences and jobs
related to development, including:

* International reports on disability and development from the
International Labor Organization, the World Health
Organization and UNICEF;
* Formation of an international committee on wheelchair
standards;
* International selected bibliographies on poverty, disability
and development aid; and on needs of people with disabilities
in disasters;
* Africa - frontline reports from Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria,
South Africa and Zimbabwe;
* Arab countries - news from Bahrain, Tunisia and a Muslim
world project;
* Southeast & Central Asia - projects in Azerbaijan, India,
Pakistan and Myanmar;
* Europe - events and studies in Ireland, Germany, Hungary,
Russia and Turkey; and
* North America - reports on new U.S. State Department Advisory
Committee on Disability and Congressional briefing on
emergency management and people with disabilities.

For details on Disability World, contact the Executive
Director, Kathy Martinez: Kathy@wid.org, or directly by phone
(510) 251-4326.

Posted by rollingrains at 01:59 AM

December 23, 2005

Not a Happy New Year for Some: Qantas Set to Backslide in 2006

Disabled passengers will not get on certain Qantas flights beginning Feb. 2007

SYDNEY, Australia (eTurboNews) -- Australian airline Qantas is under scrutiny because of a plan to restrict some passengers with disabilities on three types of aircraft.

In its defense, Qantas said cargo doors on its Boeing 737, 717 and Aerospace 146 planes are too small to fit some electric wheelchairs safely.

The airline has claimed that its staff have been injured trying to work around the problem according to a published report.

They will stop accepting passengers in electric wheelchairs on those aircraft from February.

But the secretary of Tasmanians with Disabilities secretaty Robyn Wilkinson told reporters the airline must stop discriminating and work harder on practical solutions. "There has to be a way of accommodating the needs of people with disabilities," he was quoted as saying.

"The ultimate should be something like one or two seats can be removed from the aircraft on a temporary basis and that people can actually board in their wheelchair, and have the wheelchair clamped down in position."

Posted by rollingrains at 07:13 PM

December 22, 2005

Tourism and Social Inclusion Brazilian Style

Some names keep reappearing recently in the field of Inclusive Tourism.
Fl�via Roberta Costa is one such rising star. In October she led the SESC symposium on inlucsive travel in S�o Paulo, Brazil. In Mazatlan, Mexico she also addressed the national conference on tourism for all.




Semin�rio Turismo e Inclus�o Social

Sobre o evento :

A democratizacao do acesso ao turismo � tema principal deste evento e um dos principios norteadores do Programa de Turismo Social do SESC Sao Paulo. Ser�o apresentadas e discutidas, praticas de turismo para todos, formas de media��o inclusiva de grupos de vulnerabilidade especifica, pessoas com dificuldades de car�ter social, cultural, econ�mica, f�sica e psicoligica e outras limita��es que os impedem de participar do turismo como forma de lazer.

A integraaoo das comunidades com os viajantes que as visitam atrav�\es da troca de experiencias e o respeito �s diversidades culturais, planejamento participativo e sustent�vel para o turismo, s�o outras abordagens presentes no semin�rio.

OBJETIVOS


  • Incentivar a reflex�o sobre a import�ncia da pr�tica do turismo sustent�vel, respons�vel e acess�vel a todos.
  • Relacionar experi�ncias concretas em turismo inclusivo, oferecendo alternativas sobre pr�ticas n�o convencionais e que promovam a democratiza��o de acesso, incluindo a sustentabilidade cultural, ambiental e econ�mica dos locais visitados.
  • Estimular a consci�ncia de que o turismo � uma pr�tica integrativa e auxiliar no processo de constru��o da cidadania.
  • Propor a reflex�o sobre turismo social, baseado em solidariedade, valoriza��o das diversidades e democracia.


Informacoes: http://www.sescsp.org.br/sesc/Conferencias/subindex.cfm?Referencia=3254&ParamEnd=2

http://www.sescsp.org.br/sesc/Conferencias/subindex.cfm?Referencia=3254&ParamEnd=8

Posted by rollingrains at 08:25 PM

December 21, 2005

Universal Design for Aging Boomers; Toyota's Big Play

Japan, with its precipitous shift to a large aging population, has been strategic in implementing Universal Design. For those who read Spanish here is an article reviewing the approach Toyota is taking to serving this new customer base.

Posted by rollingrains at 06:49 PM

December 20, 2005

Ed Roberts Postdoctoral Fellowship in Disability Studies

From UC Berkeley:


We are pleased to announce open applications for our postdoctoral program funded by the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (H133P020009). The goal of this program is to train postdoctoral and professional scholars, in any discipline, to be leaders in disability studies and rehabilitation research and mentorship. Based at the University of California, Berkeley, a San Francisco Bay Area Consortium of universities, research institutes, and disability agencies will recruit people with advanced professional degrees who want to broaden their theoretical outlook and their disability research methodological skills.

Ed Roberts Postdoctoral Fellowship in Disability Studies
University of California, Berkeley
Institute of Urban and Regional Development
316 Wurster Hall #1870
University of California
Berkeley CA 94720-1870
Fax: 510-643-9576
CALL FOR APPLICATIONS -- Due: February 15. 2006
Professors Susan Schweik and Fred Collignon (Co-Directors)
Fellowship Period: September 2006- May 2007

We are pleased to announce open applications for our postdoctoral program funded by the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (H133P020009). The goal of this program is to train postdoctoral and professional scholars, in any discipline, to be leaders in disability studies and rehabilitation research and mentorship. Based at the University of California, Berkeley, a San Francisco Bay Area Consortium of universities, research institutes, and disability agencies will recruit people with advanced professional degrees who want to broaden their theoretical outlook and their disability research methodological skills.

We will fund three full-time, nine-month, residential Ed Roberts Postdoctoral Fellowships a year. The Stipend is $30,000, paid monthly. Fellows must have health insurance or purchase it from the university.

PROGRAM COMPONENTS
(1) Postdoctoral Seminar: In addition to a bi-monthly San Francisco Bay-area-wide Colloquium, Fellows will attend a structured, weekly seminar in which each Fellow will present at least twice. This required weekly seminar is the heart of the fellowship.
(2) Classroom Training: Fellows will also attend at least one class, either in the fall or spring semester, chosen from among the offerings of the Consortium partners. Each Fellow will also have the opportunity to take part in teaching at Berkeley by delivering guest lectures and participating in other special events in the DiSC curriculum.
(3) Individual Fellowship Plans: Fellows will develop and follow an Individual Fellowship Plan composed of any of the following and other activities.

Independent Research: All Fellows will conduct their own research project, appropriate to their discipline, with an emphasis on using new methodological skills and disability studies theory. We will assist Fellows in identifying funding to pursue disability studies and rehabilitation research and publication opportunities after the conclusion of the Fellowship.
Research Mentorship: Fellows may work closely with a faculty Mentor, and each Fellow may also participate as a Mentor for an undergraduate or graduate disability studies student Mentee.
Research Internship: Fellows may choose to complete a structured or unstructured internship with one of a group of agencies forming the Ed Roberts Campus or other local organizations focused on disability or related issues. Fellows may work directly with staff on ongoing agency projects or on their own research.

APPLICATION INSTRUCTIONS
Eligibility: All requirements for a Ph.D., MD, JD, or equivalent degree complete by the time of application. There are no restrictions on discipline, age, or citizenship. We have a strong preference for people who are within 5 years of their degree.
Review Schedule: Please notify us by email as soon as possible that you intend to apply and then submit a full application in hard copy and by email on or before February 15, 2006.

Application Structure
(1) Cover Letter: Prepare a letter with your full contact information including where we can reach you for a possible interview.
(2) Curriculum Vitae: Current please.
(3) References: Include names and full contact information for 2 references including their email and where and how we can reach them by telephone in February-March 2006.
(4) A Written Fellowship Plan: Not more than 10 pages double-spaced. The Plan should address the components of the Fellows planned activities for 9 months.

Seminar and Classes: As appropriate, briefly please include what you would contribute and what you hope to gain from our weekly Postdoctoral Seminar. We suggest you browse the Berkeley class schedules and think about what types of classes you would like to attend. Think about the knowledge and skills you would like to develop and explore any possible fit with existing UCB faculty. We also encourage applicants to initiate contact with appropriate faculty or community organizations during the application process. Contact our Academic Coordinator for more information or assistance (Devva@earthlink.net).
Independent Research: This section is the majority of the Plan. Describe in detail your independent research project including your problem, thesis, or theoretical statement, research methods, analytical methods, and other details appropriate to your discipline. Will this work involve local disability groups or require any particular research setting?
Dissemination: Describe your publication or other product plan including articles, books, presentations, production projects, or other dissemination products appropriate to your disciple and research goals.

(5) Writing Sample: An article length sample of your best work. Choose something that demonstrates your theoretical, methodological, and/or analytical approach.

Please be as specific as possible and emphasize your Independent Research. We encourage you to look at the Ed Roberts and Disability Studies at CAL, the University of California, Berkeley, and other Bay Area schools and disability related organizations websites. We are happy to correspond with you by email (devva@earthlink.net) about these issues prior to your application submission.

Please submit all materials in hard copy by mail and in electronic format on a disk by mail or by email attachment to Devva Kasnitz at devva@earthlink.net and drdevva@aol.com
Ed Roberts Postdoctoral Fellowship
IURD, 316 Wurster Hall #1870
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley CA 94720-1870

Cell Phone: 510-206-5767

If messages to devva@earthlink.net bounce back to you, please use as an alternate address.

Devva Kasnitz, PhD
New Focus Partnerships
Association of Program for Rural Independent Living
Disability Studies at Cal (DiSC)
Institute of Urban and Regional Development
Ed Roberts Postdoctoral Fellowship in Disability Studies
Academic Coordinator
University of California, Berkeley

Office Mailing Address:
316 Wurster Hall #1870
University of California
Berkeley CA 94720-1870

Fax: 510-643-9576
EMAIL: . and

Home Mailing Address:
2345 7th St
Berkeley, CA 94710
Voice: 510-549-1865

Posted by rollingrains at 10:27 PM

December 19, 2005

Universal Design Resource List @ About.com

Coral Nafie, who writes tjhe Interior Decorating section at About.com has a good collection of resources on Universal Design It has a consumer orientation so does not include a link to another good site Adaptive Environments and their excellent resource pages.

Posted by rollingrains at 01:21 AM

December 18, 2005

Will It Accommodate Travelers with Disabilities?

P&O has ordered a 3,100 passenger capacity ship to be built by shipbuilders
Fincantieri at a cost of about $600 million. The new ship, named Ventura,
will feature eight restaurants, six shops, five swimming pools and three
show lounges and a spa and family zone with four activity areas for
children. The ship will have 1,550 cabins and 900 of those will have a
private balcony.

Source:

Daily ARTA 9/21/05

Posted by rollingrains at 01:08 AM

December 17, 2005

Europe by Wheelchair: An American Tourist's Perspective

This piece comes courtesy of Dave Reynold's informative Inclusion Daily Express:


European Trip In Wheelchair Was Surprisingly Accessible"
September 14, 2005

SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA--The following four paragraphs are excerpts from a story by San Diego Union-Tribune "Abilities" columnist Marilyn Salisbury:

What did I do on my summer vacation?

I spent two weeks traveling in Eastern Europe and fell in love with my wheelchair in the process.

I had polio as a child and have used either braces or crutches ever since. For the first time, I used my manual wheelchair almost exclusively for mobility on this trip.

I found the public accommodations for those with disabilities to be better than I expected. There were curb cuts, and the public restrooms were better equipped than those here.

Entire article:
"European trip in wheelchair was surprisingly accessible" (San Diego Union-Tribune)
http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20050830/news_1c30ability.html
Related:


Posted by rollingrains at 08:14 PM

December 16, 2005

With Age Comes Wisdom...

magnified face travel alarm clock
With age comes wisdom - and a bewildering variety of changes to one's visual accuity. So, here is a gadget for sighted travelers. It's a travel alarm clock with a built-in magnifier.

If you liked that gadget the manufacturer, Zelco, has a few more travel items here.

Posted by rollingrains at 01:40 AM

Billionaires, Bathrooms & Universal Design

Forbes magazine ran an article that, inadvertently perhaps, equates Universal Design with luxury. The piece, "Billionaire Bathrooms" explains:


Now wealthy home owners are transforming their bathrooms into spas--and for practical, as well as indulgent, reasons.


"A lot more people are beginning to say, 'I'm not moving away from my kids or from the central city,'" he says. "Instead, they are exploring ways to remain in their homes after retirement, while being looked after. Baby boomers are opting more for in-home care as opposed to managed care. I think expanding the bathroom into a home spa is not just for indulgence but also for therapy."
Posted by rollingrains at 12:48 AM

December 15, 2005

"Freedom Machines" Program in Spanish & English on DVD

The Community Technology Foundation of California (Full Disclosure: where I am a ZeroDivide Fellow) is a funder of the new DVD release of the exemplary Assistive Technology/Universal Design program from PBS, "Freedom Machines." Read on to find out how to purchase a copy at discount.



(San Francisco, December 9, 2005) The producers of the groundbreaking PBS program announced a special release today of the FREEDOM MACHINES DVD Education Package, a powerful new resource for university and secondary school educators, school districts, staff and professional development, and government and community agencies.

FREEDOM MACHINES premiered as a PBS Fall Special on the award-winning POV series. The film has been praised as "an essential primer on disability in the age of technology" for its exploration of the ways people are recasting their lives with the help of new technologies. Through the stories of adults and children ages 8-93, the film reveals the human and social benefits of providing access to life-enhancing tools to people with disabilities.


-SPECIAL OFFER: 35% introductory discount if ordered by December 31, 2005

The FREEDOM MACHINES DVD Education Package provides an easy to navigate, interactive experience. Among a handful of DVDs worldwide with full accessibility features--including Talking Menus and Video Description for viewers with visual impairments--this innovative product is one of the first in a bilingual format available to users of all physical abilities. It includes:

-Director/producer Jamie Stobie's cut of the PBS program, FREEDOM MACHINES, re-designed for instructional use with chapter cues and segment running times.

-Four new segments with practical information on the types of assistive technology available today, legal rights and advocacy for people with disabilities, how to obtain necessary technology, and Universal Design.

-Downloadable, interactive resources and web support for educators and facilitators.

Executive Producer Janet Cole whose credits include the Oscar�-nominated "Regret to Inform" and "Promises" said, "Fifteen years after the ADA, FREEDOM MACHINES reflects on our nation's commitment to our largest minority group, people with disabilities. Today, physical or mental impairments need not be impediments if people have access to necessary technologies, services, and accommodations. Human ingenuity and technology have evolved exponentially. Now the real challenge is mobilizing the social will to dismantle outmoded stereotypes and nurture the talents of 20% of our citizens."

�FREEDOM MACHINES is required viewing for teachers, service providers, policy makers, and anyone who works with disabled children, adults, or seniors."
--Andy Imparato, President & CEO, American Association of People with Disabilities

"REMARKABLE. FREEDOM MACHINES manages a near-perfect balance of compassion, humor, political insight, and deep admiration for the people it profiles--individuals whose lives have been significantly improved by new technologies that bring hope where none existed before. 3.5 STARS."
--Video Librarian

�FREEDOM MACHINES is the gigantic wake-up call needed by future teachers. I can think of no better way to challenge our attitudes and thinking than by viewing this film."
--Mary Male, Professor, San Jose State University

TO ORDER the FREEDOM MACHINES Education Package visit www.freedommachines.com. Enter the promo code VYSA8S for a 35% discount if ordered before December 31st. For more information, please call: 415-821-3791

FREEDOM MACHINES was funded by the National Science Foundation, the Independent Television Service (ITVS) with funds from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB), the Community Technology Foundation of California (CTFC), The California Endowment, and the Sundance Institute Documentary Fund. Support for the production of the DVD Education Package was provided by SBC, the Community Technology Foundation of California, the Price-Galinson Trust, and Parents Helping Parents with funds from the California Consumer Protection Foundation. Translations were provided by the SBC Spanish Translation Group.

Posted by rollingrains at 11:04 PM

December 14, 2005

Travel Trends and the Boletin Polibea Turismo in Spain

The following article appeared in the most recent issue of the Boletin Polibea Turismo in English as as "A Travel Trend on the Horizon" and, in Spanish, as "Una Tendencia en el Horizonte."


A Travel Trend on the Horizon

The goal of Universal Design is to create all products and environments to be as usable as possible by as many people as possible regardless of age, ability or situation.

I am quadriplegic and I have a dream.

It is a dream as noble as the impetus behind the Pilgrimage of Santiago de Compostela; as insistent as the beckoning of Mecca to the haji; as deep as the desire to journey to Jerusalem; as all-encompassing as the attraction of Kumba Mela in India. It is the dream of travel.

Travel, even the dream of travel, speaks to the imagination. This past year demonstrated once again that imagination drives the engines of commerce even as it fuels the spirits of pilgrims, artists, and designers. Travel for people with disabilities, a long-deferred dream, now receives global attention at a level that promises to make it economically sustainable. One rediscovered philosophy of design is making this transformation possible.

Sheikh Mohammed has announced a goal of attracting three million travelers with disabilities to ultra-modern Dubailand even while Japan has quietly transformed Takayama City into a barrier-free destination of choice that retains the charm of this city steeped in tradition. Tasmania saw the launch of an island-encompassing circuit of fully accessible lodgings known as the Devil's Playground. Sun City International Community takes the trend even further. They offer residents of their residences for seniors in China the opportunity to travel to their senior properties outside the country on a time-share basis.

In the past year, as business gave voice to the dream that travel would be barrier-free and set in motion a renaissance of design, I have been carried along on a pilgrimage to destinations not of my own choosing – but still deeply satisfying and beneficial.

Conferences on travel and disability sprung up simultaneously over the past twelve months on every continent but Antarctica . In fact, the popularity of the topic created several dilemmas in my personal travel itinerary that might seem familiar to the frequent traveler.

By choosing to work with students from Rhode Island School of Design to evaluate their human-centered design for a wheelchair-accessible eco-resort in the Caribbean I was unable to accept an invitation to speak at Brazil 's first national conference on barrier free tourism and hospitality outside Porto Alegre . While launching the Asia Pacific Accessible Travel League at the First International Conference on Accessible Travel in Taipei , Taiwan I was able to attend neither the European Union's conference on universally usable travel information sponsored by the One-Stop Shop for Accessible Tourism in Europe (OSSATE) in London nor the Culture for All conference in Berlin . As Mexico held a national conference on tourism without barriers in Mazatlan , I was on the schedule at the Third International Conference on Peace Through Tourism in Pattaya , Thailand as a panelist on travel and Universal Design.

It is that final concept – Universal Design – that runs like a grand protagonist through this global drama of the emergence of barrier-free travel as a business objective. Businesses have rediscovered a secret of Universal Design's utility as a roadmap to lifelong social participation by children, people with disabilities, and seniors. It creates as well as satisfies a new customer base. It allows for business models that are at once economically sustainable and socially beneficial.

Continue reading "A Travel Trend on the Horizon"


La meta del Diseño Universal consiste en crear todos los productos y recursos tan usables como sea posible por tantas personas como sea posible, independientemente de su edad, capacidad o situación.

Soy tetrapléjico y tengo un sueño.

Es un sueño tan noble como la fuerza que empuja a realizar el Camino de Santiago, tan insistente como la llamada de La Meca para el Hayyi, tan profundo como el deseo de viajar a Jerusalén, tan vital como la atracción de Kumba Mela en India. Es el sueño de viajar.

Viajar, incluso el sueño de viajar, le habla a la imaginación. El año pasado ha puesto de manifiesto, una vez más, que la imaginación mueve los engranajes del comercio en la misma medida que alimenta el espíritu de peregrinos, artistas y diseñadores. El viaje, un sueño largamente pospuesto para las personas con discapacidad, recibe ahora atención global a un nivel que promete convertirlo en económicamente sostenible. Una redescubierta filosofía del diseño está haciendo posible esta transformación.

El Jeque Mohammed ha anunciado que la meta de su país, Dubai, es atraer a tres millones de viajeros con alguna discapacidad, mientras Japón ha convertido la ciudad de Takayama en un destino sin barreras que conserva el atractivo de una ciudad impregnada por la tradición. Tasmania contempló el lanzamiento de un circuito de alojamientos completamente accesibles a lo largo de toda la isla, conocido como “Devil's Playground” (“Patio de recreo del diablo”). Muchas han sido las novedades y actuaciones en este sentido, incluso en sistemas como el “time-sharing”.

A lo largo del año pasado, mientras la industria se hacía eco del sueño de viajar sin barreras y ponía en marcha un renacimiento del diseño, he seguido una especie de peregrinación a destinos que, aunque no fueran de mi propia elección, han probado ser profundamente satisfactorios y beneficiosos.

Congresos sobre viaje y discapacidad han brotado simultáneamente durante los últimos doce meses en todos los continentes excepto en la Antártida. De hecho, la popularidad del tema propició varios dilemas en el itinerario de mi periplo, que pueden resultar familiares al viajero habitual.

Al elegir trabajar con los alumnos de la Rhode Island School of Design (Escuela de Diseño de Rhode Island) con objeto de evaluar su diseño para un eco-centro turístico accesible para usuarios de silla de ruedas en el Caribe, no pude aceptar la invitación para tomar parte como ponente en el primer Congreso sobre Turismo Accesible en Brasil, en Porto Alegre. Asistir al lanzamiento de Liga Asia-Pacífico para el Viaje Accesible en el "Primer Congreso sobre Viajes Accesibles" en Taipei, Taiwán, me impidió acudir tanto al Congreso de la Unión Europea sobre Información de Viajes universalmente usable, patrocinada por OSSATE (One-Stop Shop for Accessible Tourism in Europe) en Londres, como al congreso "Cultura para Todos" de Berlín. Mientras México albergaba un congreso nacional sobre Turismo sin Barreras en Mazatlán, yo estaba programado como miembro del jurado de Viajes y Diseño Universal en el "Tercer Congreso Internacional Paz a través del Turismo", en Pattaya, Tahilandia.

Es este último concepto –Diseño Universal- el que fluye como mayor protagonista a lo largo de esta puesta en escena global del turismo sin barreras como objetivo comercial. Los empresarios han redescubierto una utilidad oculta del Diseño Universal como guía de la participación social a lo largo de la vida por parte de niños, personas con discapacidad y personas de la tercera edad. Crea, en igual medida que satisface, un nuevo segmento de clientes, potenciando modelos de negocio que son, a la vez, económicamente sostenibles y socialmente beneficiosos.

El Diseño Universal es un compendio de siete principios producidos desde un sueño compartido en una época anterior. Durante los movimientos pro-derechos ciudadanos de los ‘50, ‘60 y '70, el concepto de Diseño Universal evolucionó hasta expresar los legítimos objetivos políticos de las personas con discapacidad en los ámbitos del diseño, fabricación de productos y construcción.


Continue con "Una Tendencia en el Horizonte."

Posted by rollingrains at 04:55 AM

Universal Design in New Jersey

Universal Design and sustainability find a happy marriage in the "Better Home, Better Planet, Paterson Showhouse." The intention is to use innovations in solar hot water, ergonomic appliances and wheelchair-safe shower systemst to place this model project at the forefront of Smart Building Practices for seniors and people with disabilities.

(PRWEB) December 13, 2005 -- A vision of the future is rapidly taking shape in a residence being built in Paterson, New Jersey. Known as the Better Home, Better Planet, Paterson Showhouse, the three-story, 2,900 sq. ft. dwelling will serve as a design “clinic” for homeowners, architects and government officials dedicated to providing leading-edge accessibility and comfort to seniors and the disabled. Sponsored by BASF, the chemical products company, the home brings together over 50 organizations and the world’s most creative planners to serve as a prototype for universal design in the heart of the city’s aggressive 3,000-unit urban-renewal project.

Universal design, the art of planning homes to be inclusive of everyone, regardless of age, ability or physical status, is the wave of the future for architects, physical therapists and others. The “green” requirements of the Patterson Showhouse contribute to a healthy environment by using economical heating and cooling, solar hot water and automatic air ventilation.

Gary DeSantis, Senior Architect for BASF and project champion said, “The BASF Paterson Showhouse is an energy efficient, environmentally friendly home that demonstrates how comfortable the basic principles of universal design can be.”

New technologies are used throughout to improve energy performance. “Smart Building Controls” are the next generation of building automation. These allow lighting, heating and cooling systems to communicate with each other to make intelligent decisions. Expanded accessibility is provided by ergonomic kitchen accommodations and extra-wide hallways. Designer color schemes turn the functional into beautiful.

Incorporating universal design into the kitchen, laundry and bath
The Paterson Showhouse kitchen shines with new creations from Whirlpool. The Whirlpool Gold(R) side-by-side refrigerator features a convenient pullout shelf that allows people to steadily rest containers, including pots, while they are being filled. Whirlpool’s Duet(R) Washer & Dryer pair are pedestal-mounted to alleviate bending and stretching. In keeping with “green” requirements of the Paterson house, it allows homeowners to save 69 percent of water and 61 percent of energy, compared to average top-loading washers.

“One of the areas where safety particularly applies is in a home’s bath and shower facilities,” says Jeff Mooney, Director of Marketing for Best Bath Systems, whose fiberglass shower systems were used in the project. Alternate wheelchair entry for the shower is facilitated by a neoprene “water dam,” a popular Best Bath feature that eliminates the need for a cumbersome curb to keep water from flowing onto the bathroom floor. The water dam gasket collapses as a person or wheelchair passes over it, and then reshapes to prevent a water flow problem.

Safety rails or “grab bars” are installed to provide added stability and meet the physical requirements of the disabled or elderly user. Best Bath’s shower enclosures are constructed with extra-heavy plywood backing to facilitate the installation of durable grab bars.

“This project is a vision I’ve had for quite a while,” DeSantis says. “The best part is that all the technologies of universal design used in the Paterson model home are available to homeowners right now.”

For more information:
Jeff Mooney
Best Bath Systems
4545 Enterprise, Boise, Idaho 83705
Phone (800) 727-9907
Fax (800) 627-0929
Visit the web site www.best-bath.com

Posted by rollingrains at 01:45 AM

December 13, 2005

Universal Design & The White House Conference on Aging

The White House Conference on Aging (WHCoA) is taking place right now in Washington, DC. It occurs every ten years and, just like ten years ago, SeniorNet is running the on-site Computer Center.

I have been watching the posts of Richard Ambrosius at the WHCoA event blog portal. His recent post, "Beginning of a Renaissance?" motivated me to to reply here. Apparently Universal Design is under discussion and will recur as a topic in Richard's blog as the conference contionues through Wednesday.

Posted by rollingrains at 02:47 AM

December 12, 2005

Kiwi Innovation: Universal Design Forum in Aukland

On Decmber 13, 2005 a new forum will convene to discuss disability issues in the Auckland region. The focus will be on good urban design and the importance of creating a 100 per cent accessible city. Auckland City and its Disability Issues Advisory Group (DIAG) are hosting the inaugural Auckland Regional Disability forum for around 100 urban designers. For more information contact Auckland City's disability adviser, Minnie Baragwanath.

Forum to encourage access


Monday, 12 December 2005, 3:50 pm
Press Release: Auckland City Council
12 December 2005

Forum to Encourage Access

Auckland City's disability adviser, Minnie Baragwanath, hopes planners and designers from the region's seven councils will take away some valuable tips [ from the inaugural Auckland Regional Disability forum].

"Most people are functionally disabled at some time in their lives, whether it's through age, injury or illness, or because they're pushing a pram or carrying a child. The fact that so many people may encounter difficulties in moving around the city means that easy access to buildings, parks and transport is crucial.

"We're hoping this forum will underline how important it is for urban designers to consider accessibility at the beginning of the design process. They should get some great ideas on what they can do to ensure the city is safe and easy to get around."

To coincide with the forum, Auckland City has produced a new document for developers and designers outlining what they should consider to ensure new buildings and open spaces are accessible for all people.

Ms Baragwanath hopes designers will see the benefits of using the Universal Design - Designing Accessible Built Environments guide in their everyday work.

"It's not necessarily more expensive to create an accessible environment. It can have financial benefits, such as making developments more marketable and pleasant for everyone," Ms Baragwanath says.

Presenters from various councils, along with independent consultants, will speak at the forum. They will discuss the design and accessibility of buildings, streets, transport and open spaces.

The forum takes place at the Western Springs Garden Hall, between 9.45am and 2pm on Tuesday 13 December.

Posted by rollingrains at 03:40 PM

December 11, 2005

Reflections on Universal Design & Justice

Susan S. Szenasy, editor of Metropolis Magazine, addressed the designing for the 21st century III conference last December in Rio de Janeiro. Her presentation appears in Metropolis as, "What Happened? Where Do We Go From Here?."

She writes:

So the growing impact of these two sister movements, sustainability and accessibility, lead me to think that the English historian Arnold Toynbee might have been correct when he wrote that "The 20th century will be chiefly remembered by future generations not as an era of political conflicts or technological inventions but as an age in which human society dared to think of the welfare of the whole human race as a practical objective."


My own life is certainly proof of the 20th century's daring to "think of the welfare of the human race as a practical objective." I arrived in the U.S. when the brutal, repressive regimes of the Soviet Bloc were beginning to crumble, starting with the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. Soviet Communism didn't fully fail until 1989 when the Berlin Wall fell. But the welfare of the Eastern Bloc nations slowly began to improve after 1956, although there were vicious crackdowns before that could happen.

This slow change pattern that I have been describing to you, both in the environmental movement and in international politics, is merely a gentle reminder that institutions and behaviors evolve slowly, incrementally. Then something happens like the Berlin Wall falling and the whole system suddenly seems to fall with it. The reality is that what you are involved with now--the good work that you are doing around every human function everywhere--is shaping future changes in attitudes and approaches to social equity and universal design. There is a long and difficult road ahead but the roadbed has already been cut by you. The time is coming for building that road to a design that no longer needs to call itself "sustainable" or "universal"--just good, need-oriented, environmentally sensitive design. Just design. Design with justice at its core.

That is what we are working for - justice. Justice like a leaven throughout human activity and artifact. Justice like a dream coming into reality or, like "A Trend on the Horizon."

Posted by rollingrains at 12:35 AM

December 10, 2005

Disabled? Want to be a Travel Writer?

Disability Writes Logo


Disability Writes has a unique mandate. It is a service for writers with disabilities.


From the web site:


This website has been set up by Just Services with funding from Arts Council England. Many disabled people face barriers in getting support and encouragement to write. This may be because there is:

  • A lack of physical access to places where non-disabled people find such support.

  • A lack of understanding, or an unwillingness to listen to the support needed by disabled people.

  • An unwillingness to consider that what disabled writers have to say is of value.

  • An unwillingness to give honest, constructive feedback to disabled people.

Disability Writes actively supports and encourages disabled writers, whatever their previous writing experience. It promotes the work of disabled writers to a wide audience of disabled and non-disabled people through this website and printed publications.

Posted by rollingrains at 05:11 PM

December 09, 2005

TRANSED 2007: Call for Papers

TRANSED is an international event promoting accessibility in transportation systems.

TRANSED Conference Banner


CALL FOR ABSTRACTS

TRANSED 2007

11th International Conference on Mobility and Transport for Elderly and Disabled Persons

Montreal, Canada, June 18-21, 2007

Theme: "Benchmarking, Evaluation and Vision for the Future"

The Call for Abstracts of Papers and Posters for the 11th International Conference on Mobility and Transport for Elderly and Disabled Persons (TRANSED 2007) is now available.

Visit the TRANSED 2007 web site www.tc.gc.ca/transed2007 and go to the Call for Abstracts section for more information and submission guidelines.

We encourage authors to submit their abstract using the online abstract transmittal form.

Deadline for submission of abstracts: February 15, 2006

Please help us to spread the word throughout your contact networks by:

- forwarding this message to interested parties on your contact lists;
- linking our web site to yours;
- posting TRANSED 2007 information in your newsletters.

TRANSED 2007 Secretariat:
Mailing Address:

Transport Canada

Intergovernmental Affairs and Accessibility, TRANSED

Place de Ville, Tower C

330 Sparks Street

Ottawa, Ontario

Canada K1A 0N5

Email: transed@tc.gc.ca
Telephone: 1-800-665-6478 (Canada only) or (613) 941-0980
TTY: 1-800-823-3823 (Canada only) or (613) 998-5368
Fax: (613) 991-6422


Posted by rollingrains at 03:36 PM

December 08, 2005

The Curb Cut Effect at Home

"I even get calls from people with no disabilities," says Steve Bible, owner of accessHomes in San Antonio, Texas. "They just like the idea of the wide-open rooms." Read more in Company specializes in accessible houses

Imagine that. Human-centered design appeals to people who are still temporarily not disabled. Cruise ship operators know that some of the clientelle will try to book the accessible cabin because, "They just like the idea of the wide-open rooms."

Next trend: people having to make special arangements to book small, incoveniently designed hotel rooms or rental cars!

Posted by rollingrains at 05:53 AM

December 07, 2005

Accessible Canadian Adventures

ACA Logo.jpg

Try Accessible Canadian Adventures for the hunter who uses a wheelchair.

Posted by rollingrains at 07:38 PM

December 06, 2005

Space Tourism to the Moon?

A flight to the Moon may cost space tourists $100 million, a senior official of the Russian Space Agency said Tuesday, reports RIA Novosti.

"A project for a flight around the Moon really exists and we are currently studying it," said Alexei Krasnov, the head of the agency's department of piloted programs. "This flight may cost some $100 million for a tourist."

According to Krasnov, a modernized cargo spacecraft Soyuz with a Russian cosmonaut and one-two space tourists on board will be put into low earth orbit and docked with the International Space Station.

http://www.physorg.com/news8667.htm

Posted by rollingrains at 09:42 PM

December 05, 2005

Visit(ability) North Dakota!

"If you build it, they will come ­ but they have to be able to get in," reminds Katina Tengesdal in yesterday's Minot Daily News. She interviews Eleanor Smith, promoter of Visitability and founder of ConcreteChange.org and reports on the movement toward Universal Design on North Dakota. Touching on issues of the cost savings of correctly designed homes, the ability they offer for their owners to age-in-place, and the increased resale value of universally designed homes she lays out arguments that the NoDak tourism & hospitality sector would do well to heed.

Making Homes Accessible to All

Posted by rollingrains at 01:59 PM

Of Wheelchairs, Kitchens, and Universal Design

Universal Design is moving into mainstream America through the creativity -- and hard work -- of people like Kathleen Edwards. Read her story at "ON TOUR: Marin and Rockridge "

Posted by rollingrains at 01:24 AM

December 04, 2005

Tourism for Tomorrow Awards

Could the Tourism for Tomorrow Awards be a chance for your business - or your favorite destination - to be recognized for excellence iin Universal Design?

From the press relesase:

With categories for destinations and businesses of all sizes,
comprising all aspects of responsible tourism including conservation
and community involvement, the Tourism for Tomorrow Awards promote
and encourage the world's leading examples of tourism best practice.

Tourism for Tomorrow Awards – Deadline 12th December 2005

APPLY NOW

The World Travel & Tourism Council and Reed Travel Exhibitions are
delighted to present the Tourism for Tomorrow Awards, the highest
accolade for best practice in tourism development.

With categories for destinations and businesses of all sizes,
comprising all aspects of responsible tourism including conservation
and community involvement, the Tourism for Tomorrow Awards promote
and encourage the world's leading examples of tourism best practice.

Entries are encouraged from all sectors of the travel and tourism
industry worldwide, large, medium or small scale, in the following
categories:


  • Destination Award

  • Conservation Award

  • Investment in People Award

  • Global Tourism Business Award


Winners will be invited to aN awards ceremony at the 6th
Global Travel & Tourism Summit in Washington DC on 10th April 2005
and will have the opportunity to present their business or
destination to more than 500 tourism industry, government and media
leaders.

Tourism for Tomorrow's 2005 Winners are:-

Jurassic Coast, UK http://www.jurassiccoast.com
Damaraland Camp, Namibia http://www.wilderness-safaris.com
Haciendas del Mundo Maya, Mexico http://www.haciendasmundomaya.com
Casuarina Beach Club, Barbados http://www.casuarina.com

If you are a tourism destination or business which is leading the way
in responsible tourism and would like to apply for a Tourism for
Tomorrow Award please visit http://www.tourismfortomorrow.com or
email info@...

Posted by rollingrains at 06:01 PM

December 03, 2005

Tourism & Postmodernity

The second call for papers has been issued for the 16th ISA World Congress of Sociology. The event will occur in Durban, South-Africa July 23 - 29, 2006.

The RC 50 Tourism & Postmodernity Panel will discuss theoretical models
to describe the social contexts and/or conditions giving rise to tourism practice.

Call for Papers
TOURISM & POSTMODERNITY
16th ISA World Congress of Sociology
Research Committee 50 (International Tourism)
Durban, South-Africa, 23-29 July 2006

Panel directed by David Picard (Sheffield Hallam, UK)
and Stephanie Hom Cary (UC Berkeley, USA)


This is the second call for papers for the RC 50
TOURISM AND POSTMODERNITY panel as part of the 16th
ISA World Congress of Sociology which will take place
in Durban, South-Africa, from 23rd to 29th July 2006.
The aim of this panel is to critically re-discuss and,
possibly, to overcome the notion of 'postmodernity' as
a way to theorise social contexts and/or conditions in
which tourism practice emerges.

Influential writers like Jean-François Lyotard (1982),
David Harvey (1990), and Frederic Jameson (1991) have
defined postmodernity or postmodernism by the
disarticulation - or 'liquidification' - of
established and socially recognised systems of
signifiers and signified, and the implosion of
meaningful webs of relationships, which subtended
collective understandings of “reality” “truth”,
"nature" and "being". In this sense, the important
structural changes of demographic, economic and
political environments in the second part of the 20th
century were calling into question both emic and etic
categories with which to think social reality,
including nation-state, society, ethnicity, family,
gender, race, kin, time and space. At the same time,
this moment appeared to have enabled individuals to
playfully create and experiment with new semiotic
compositions; compositions that inspire novel ways of
relating to the world at large. In the context of
tourism, 'post-modern' tourists were said to embrace
the ludic as they participate and immerse in various
sign-worlds. This supposedly new form of tourist was
said to be informed of the constructed – or
“artificial” – nature of the worlds touristically
encountered. Academic discourse implicitly often
opposed these so-called “post-tourists” to earlier
forms of “modern” tourists seeking “authenticity,” in
or beyond a particular, then 'solid' tourism setting.

Typically, two different critical perspectives
theorise the relationship between post-modernity and
post-tourism. The first holds that changes in the
production and consumption of tourism have actually
taken place during the past thirty years, with tourism
becoming a manifestation of and metaphor for the
disappearance of absolute values, beliefs and
structures as well as the postmodern fluidity of
social life. The second contends that tourism as a
social practice has not fundamentally changed since
the Grand Tour, but that its underlying cultural
structures and collective imaginaries have simply
transformed into new contexts and recreated systems of
meaning by adopting new themes and aesthetic
references. In this sense, one could ask who or what,
exactly, is being 'liquidified': is it the conditions
of social life, or is it the systems of symbolic
continuity underlying the academic approach, or is it
both?

The aim of papers to be presented during this panel is
to address the tension between these two theoretical
poles, in particular by approaching three sets of
central questions:

(a) How pertinent is 'postmodernism' or the
post-modern perspective to theorise tourism practice?
Beyond conceptualisations of post-modernity, which
alternative approaches have been brought forward to
generate a deeper understanding of tourism?

(b) Which methodological frameworks and approaches
have proven to be pertinent in making sense of tourism
and its collective nature?

(c) Seen as a form of narrative, to what extent can
academic discourse in tourism studies escape
intellectual fashions and metaphorical images
(borrowed from other disciplines or fields)?

For further details or to submit an abstract (300
words summary of presentation plus full contact
information) go to www.tourismstudies.org
or www.tourism-culture.com. The deadline for the
reception of abstracts is 12th Dec 2005.


Dr David Picard
Senior Research Fellow
Centre for Tourism and Cultural Change
Sheffield Hallam University
Owen Building, Howard Street
Sheffield S1 1WB
United Kingdom

Phone: +44 (0) 114 225 3973
Web: www.tourism-culture.com

Posted by rollingrains at 06:13 PM

December 02, 2005

Can They Double as Headlights If You Use a Wheelchair?

Bright feet slippers with a built in flashlight

Small lightweight gadgets that serve mutiple puposes can be very handy when you travel. I wonder if I have room to pack a pair of Bright Feet on my next trip?

December 01, 2005

Panasonic Demonstrates the Spirit of the Rio Charter on UD as Sustainable Inclusive Design

In Japan, Panasonic demonstrates the relevance of the Rio Charter on Universal Design for Sustainable Inclusive Development. See:

Panasonic Builds an Eco & UD Model House in Tokyo
http://www.noticias.info/asp/aspComunicados.asp?nid=122661&src=0

Posted by rollingrains at 06:11 AM